campact,complete,Riemann manifold without boundary,dim . is the Levi-civita connection on ,. genus form:
by chern-weil theory,we know: is closed. is exact.
so we can def is a metric on M.
1.2. dirac bundle
is a dirac bundle. is dirac operator. the twisting curvature of .
1.3. supertrace
. induce map:
determined by:
1.4. chern class
by chern-weil theory,we know:
1. closed form.
2. only depend on the topology of E.
Whitney product formula.
1.5. Atiyah-singer index theorem
2. heat kernel
2.1. basic setting
Assume M is a general Riemann manifold ,assume
Where .
complete with the norm is the sobolev space .
The extension of operator in is called ,assume is restrict on , extend to called , is complete with the norm , of course .
Sobelev theory tell us, if is a complete Riemann manifold,then .
Operator ,satisfied ,where * is the Hodge-star operator , is the 1-form, iff one of is compact supp.
By a lemma from Gaffney (Ann. of Math , 60,1954,458-466) we have .
the laplace operator(with Direchlet boundary condition or Neumann boundary condition) is , When M is with smooth boundary,then ,assume M is complete (),then because ,Gaffney proved(Ann. of Math , 60 ,1954,140-145),
.
As we all known, is self-adjoint operator,so make up a bounded self-adjoint operator semi group,by the self-adjoint operator theory,if is the spectrum measure of ,then
.
And for ,.when ,
where is basic on Weyl theory.
2.2. existence of heat kernel
Now we proof the basic fact: : assume is a complete manifold,then there exist a heat kernel ,and ,,satisfied:
Proof:
(A) first proof, .to proof this,we first proof,in weak sense:
in fact,we have:
rmk: the limit is take in the space,every step in the caculate make sence because of the dominating convergence theorem.
so what have we proved ,in fact we proved in the classical sence, exist. and our strategy is to proof any order of weak derivatives of it exist and then use the embedding theorem to prove it is smooth.
in fact to proof (in weak sence),we need only to proof: we have:
but because of ,this is obvious,and similar we can proof that (in the weak sence):
rmk: there is some thing to explain,why .
anyway,we observe that is the laplace operator on .and we have proved ,and we know that .so we proved
and now we easy to observe that,
if ,then:
.
so
.
Rmk:,so derivatives is in classical sense.
(B) to proof .
by the decomposition of unity,we can assume ,and sufficed small.
consider the operator and its quasi fundamental solution (paramatrix) see next section for the serious definition ,
. and ,and when suffice small,,we have expansion:
where Riemann distance.,for ,
use instead of ,and assume ,
assume ,then
this is because ,when ,so ,so .because:
so and have the same expansion .because so ,we have:
the equality arrive is because of the prop of .
on the other hand ,by the definition of ,we can check:
when is fix and ,, so
we call is the kernel of .
for prop (1), is from the operator is self-adjoint,prop (2) is just .
now we proof prop (3),by definition:
and we know so.
proof prop (4),by and wo know:
QED.
rmk: for the manifold with bounded,we can also proof the existence of heat kernel with Dirchlet or Neumann boundary condition.(L.Chavel. Eigenvalues in Riemannian Geometry,Academic Press,1984)
2.3. quasi fundamental solution of heat equation
it is well known that for , the fundamental solution of heat equation is .
for general Riemann manifold ,we want to find the fundamental solution of heat equation with this form:
where is the Riemann distance of two point of M. take the normal coordinate around point , .(the length of geodesic connect ).
it is well known that there exist functions only depend on :
take:
and
then
because of
we know:
problem become to solve the equations:
which is equivalent to:
solve it:
so . and:
take the cut function,:
take:
of course:
this is to say: is the quasi fundamental solution of heat equation. from the equation:
we know if has suffise high zero ,then so is the solution of heat equation,so can approximate heat equation to any order.
2.4. basic proposition of heat kernel
:
proof strategy : begin with expansion of heat kernel and integral on a geodesic sphere and take the radius ,use the stokes formula and maximal value principle to proof is always positive.
: assume is a constant curvature complete riemann manifold (space form),then only depends on ,and. proof is similar to .
(heat kernel comparision theorem,Cheeger-Yau).:
assume is a complete riemann manifold ,,, heat kernel of and heat kernel of geodesic ball in space form satisfied:
(bounded condition is Derichlet condition or Neumann condition).
proof strategy: basically we use the formula .and the two lemma. : assume is a compact reimann manifold , is a orthonormal basis of special function on , is the corresponding spectrum,then the fundamental solution (heat kernel) has the expansion:
Basic setting:
Let be a compact Riemannian manifold of dimension , let be an – normalized eigenfunction of the Laplacian:
latex N \phi_{\lambda} =\{x:\phi_{\lambda}(x)=0\}$
be its nodal hypersurface. Let denote its -dimensional Riemannian hypersurface measure. In this note we prove:
Theorem:
for and metric ,there exists a constant so that:
A crucial identity:
proof of theorem 1 is based on following identity:
theorem:
for any smooth Riemannn manifold ,we have,
moreover,,
Proof:
observed we have that,
on ,use divergence theorem:
\begin{eqnarray*}
\int_M(\Delta+\lambda^2)f \phi_{\lambda} dV&=&\int_M(\Delta+\lambda^2)\phi_{\lambda}f dV+\int_{\partial M} -g(\upsilon,\phi_{\lambda}\nabla f)dS+\int_{\partial M} g(\upsilon,f\nabla\phi_{\lambda})dS\\
&=&\int_{\partial M} g(\upsilon,f\nabla\phi_{\lambda}) \\
&=&\int_{\partial M} f\phi_{\lambda}dS
\end{eqnarray*}
the same identity is true on
so we have:
Estimate hausdorff measure of nodal sets:
take in theorem 2,we have:
so to get estimate hausdorff measure of nodal sets,we need to estimate: ,$||\nabla\phi_{\lambda}||_{\infty}$ ,this two guys are easy to get good estumate….and we will get a lower bound estimate of measure of nodal set:
Estimate: , :
normalized norm of
:
we have a yau types gradients estimate
Estimate upper bound of measure:
to get upper bound estimate,from identity we need to estimate:,,and we will get:
\section{Birkhoff回复定理蕴含Van Der Warden定理}
\subsection{Van Der Warden定理与它的动力系统解释}
这是一个组合定理,原始证明是很trick的,单遵老先生有一个证明,很trick,高中的时候尝试过证明,自己证了一个星期证明不出来就看掉了,现在回想起来应该跟当时的工具太原始了有关系。我想强调的是并不是数学思想的飞跃,而是数学工具的升级使得这个问题变简单了。\\